Abstract
This article presents a 5.2-Mpixel, 12-in wafer-scale CMOS X-ray detector that consists of lithographically stitched 169 sub-chips. The detector employs a 3T pixel with a voltage-controlled storage capacitor to achieve both a low dark random noise (RN) and a large well capacity, and the pixel outputs are read out by column-parallel continuous-time (CT) incremental delta-sigma ( Delta Sigma ) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The use of a CT incremental Delta Sigma ADC enables high resolution and low energy consumption while securing uniformity and robustness over the 12-in wafer. This work is fabricated in a 1P4M 65-nm CMOS technology. The 16-bit ADC implemented within a 45- mu text{m} pitch achieves a differential nonlinearity (DNL) of +0.79/-0.65 LSB, an integral nonlinearity (INL) of +6.85/-6.15 LSB, and a peak signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 88.5 dB with a conversion time of 12.6mu text{s}. This detector achieves a CFPN of 181mu text {V}_{text {rms}} , a dark RN of 267mu text {V}_{text {rms}} , and a DR of 88.4 dB while consuming 3.9 W at 30 frames/s. Compared with the state of the arts, this work achieves 3times larger spatial resolution, 1.8times higher pixel rate, 1.9times higher energy-efficiency, and 17 dB higher DR, simultaneously.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 9162454 |
Pages (from-to) | 2878-2888 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |
Volume | 55 |
Issue number | 11 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2020 Nov |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Manuscript received April 27, 2020; revised June 16, 2020; accepted July 15, 2020. Date of publication August 7, 2020; date of current version October 23, 2020. This article was approved by Associate Editor Pedram Mohseni. This work was supported by the Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea Government (the Ministry of Science and ICT, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Ministry of Health & Welfare, South Korea, and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). (Corresponding author: Youngcheol Chae.) Sangwoo Lee, Taewoong Kim, Chanmin Park, and Youngcheol Chae are with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea (e-mail: ychae@yonsei.ac.kr).
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering