Highly Luminescent Folate-Functionalized Au₂₂ Nanoclusters for Bioimaging

Gold nanoclusters are emerging as new materials for biomedical applications because of promises offered by their ultrasmall size and excellent biocompatibility. Here, the synthesis and optical and biological characterizations of a highly luminescent folate-functionalized Au₂₂ cluster (Au₂₂-FA) are reported. The Au₂₂-FA clusters are synthesized by functionalizing the surface of Au₂₂(SG)₁₈ clusters, where SG is glutathione, with benzyl chloroformate and folate. The functionalized clusters are highly water-soluble and exhibit remarkably bright luminescence with a quantum yield of 42%, significantly higher than any other water-soluble gold clusters protected with thiolate ligands. The folate groups conjugated to the gold cluster give rise to additional luminescence enhancement by energy transfer sensitization. The brightness of Au₂₂-FA is found to be 4.77 mM⁻¹ cm⁻¹, nearly 8-fold brighter than that of Au₂₂(SG)₁₈. Further biological characterizations have revealed that the Au₂₂-FA clusters are well-suited for bioimaging. The Au₂₂-FA clusters exhibit excellent photostability and low toxicity; nearly 80% cell viability at 1000 ppm of the cluster. Additionally, the Au₂₂-FA clusters show target specificity to folate-receptor positive cells. Finally, the time-course in vivo luminescence images of intravenous-injected mice show that the Au₂₂-FA clusters are renal-clearable, leaving only 8% of them remained in the body after 24 h post-injection.