Neuromuscular structure of the tibialis anterior muscle for functional electrical stimulation

Purpose: This study describes the nerve entry points and intramuscular nerve branching of the tibialis anterior, providing essential information for therapeutic functional electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin injection. Methods: One hundred and ten legs from Korean and Thai cadavers were dissected. Ten specimens were harvested and subjected to modified Sihler’s staining. Results: The average total length from the lateral malleolus to the fibular head was 32.0 cm (SD 1.9). The nerve entry points were densely distributed between 86.5 and 90.6 % of the reference length, where the first and second nerve entry points were observable. A densely arborizing area of the intramuscular nerve branches was observed at 70–80 % of the reference length. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, clinicians can increase the effectiveness of therapeutic functional electrical stimulation and identify the ideal sites for botulinum toxin injection to the tibialis anterior muscle.