Pore-Scale Investigation of Dynamic Immiscible Displacement in Layered Media using Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography

Understanding the dynamics of immiscible fluid in a porous media is critical in many chemical and environmental engineering processes. However, the geological heterogeneity effect on multiphase flow behavior remains unclear. Here, the dynamics of immiscible fluid displacement and entrapment were experimentally demonstrated at pore-level using time-lapse synchrotron X-ray microtomography. A drainage-imbibition experiment was designed using an unconsolidated layered sand pack that comprised coarse sand and fine sand zones. There were significant differences between the two zones, with regard to the temporal variations in fluid saturation and morphological evolution of nonwetting fluid (oil) during imbibition. Highly connected oil clusters in the coarse zone broke up into many small fragments, whereas the cluster in the fine zone remained connected while spanning multiple pores. To further understand the impacts of pore size and connectivity on multiphase fluid dynamics, a new approach that tracks the temporal variation of immiscible fluid in individual pores was conducted. The surface area at the oil–water interface increased during imbibition, which is expected to facilitate mass transfer and surface interactions. Understanding immiscible fluid displacement in layered porous media at the pore-level could lead to more effective environmental remediation.