Abstract
Users typically reuse the same personalized identification number (PIN) for multiple systems and in numerous sessions. Direct PIN entries are highly susceptible to shoulder-surfing attacks as attackers can effectively observe PIN entry with concealed cameras. Indirect PIN entry methods proposed as countermeasures are rarely deployed because they demand a heavier cognitive workload for users. To achieve security and usability, we present a practical indirect PIN entry method called SteganoPIN. The human-machine interface of SteganoPIN is two numeric keypads, one covered and the other open, designed to physically block shoulder-surfing attacks. After locating a long-Term PIN in the more typical layout, through the covered permuted keypad, a user generates a one-Time PIN that can safely be entered in plain view of attackers. Forty-eight participants were involved in investigating the PIN entry time and error rate of SteganoPIN. Our experimental manipulation used a within-subject factorial design with two independent variables: PIN entry system (standard PIN, SteganoPIN) and PIN type (system-chosen PIN, user-chosen PIN). The PIN entry time in SteganoPIN (5.4-5.7 s) was slower but acceptable, and the error rate (0-2.1%) was not significantly different from that of the standard PIN. SteganoPIN is resilient to camera-based shoulder-surfing attacks over multiple authentication sessions. It remains limited to PIN-based authentication.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 7167675 |
Pages (from-to) | 143-150 |
Number of pages | 8 |
Journal | IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems |
Volume | 46 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2016 Feb |
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Human Factors and Ergonomics
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Signal Processing
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Computer Science Applications
- Computer Networks and Communications
- Artificial Intelligence