Suppressed pCO₂ in the Southern Ocean Due to the Interaction Between Current and Wind

The Southern Ocean, an important region for the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂), features strong surface currents due to substantial mesoscale meanders and eddies. These features interact with the wind and modify the momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean. Although such interactions are known to reduce momentum transfer, their impact on air-sea carbon exchange remains unclear. Using a 1/20° physical-biogeochemical coupled ocean model, we examined the impact of the current-wind interaction on the surface carbon concentration and the air-sea carbon exchange in the Southern Ocean. The current-wind interaction decreased winter partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) at the ocean surface mainly south of the northern subantarctic front. It also reduced pCO₂ in summer, indicating enhanced uptake, but not to the same extent as the winter loss. Consequently, the net outgassing of CO₂ was found to be reduced by approximately 17% when including current-wind interaction. These changes stem from the combined effect of vertical mixing and Ekman divergence. A budget analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) revealed that a weakening of vertical mixing by current-wind interaction reduces the carbon supply from below, and particularly so in winter. The weaker wind stress additionally lowers the subsurface DIC concentration in summer, which can affect the vertical diffusive flux of carbon in winter. Our study suggests that ignoring current-wind interactions in the Southern Ocean can overestimate winter CO₂ outgassing.