Tailored Design-of-Experiments Approach for Device Performance Prediction and Optimization of Flash-Evaporated Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite-Based Photodetectors

Single-source flash evaporation method has recently gained attention for its potential as a rapid and solvent-free deposition method for producing organic–inorganic halide perovskite (OHP) films in large-scale. However, due to a complex nature of the different experimental parameters involved in the deposition process, it is not straightforward to obtain the optimal condition for producing high-quality OHP films. In this study, this problem is tackled by employing the design-of-experiment (DoE) process, which is an efficient statistical analysis for finding an optimized condition with a minimized number of experiments. The DoE process is used for optimizing the responsivity of the OHP photodetector devices against the input variables used in the deposition that yielded an enhanced responsivity of 112.2 mA W⁻¹, which is up to an order of magnitude higher than that of the unoptimized devices. The experimental results using the DoE method provide not only the conditions required for enhancing the device performance but also the guidelines for improving the overall film quality through exploring the variable space of the flash evaporation technique.