The Effect of Denosumab and Risk Factors for Recurrence in Spinal Giant Cell Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose: Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are common benign primary bone tumors and are well known for their locally aggressive performance and tendency to recur. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of denosumab and risk factors for recurrent spinal GCTs. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases to identify differences between individuals treated with and without denosumab and risk factors for spinal GCT recurrence. Patient data, including age, sex, tumor resection range, location, denosumab use, Campanacci grade, and radiotherapy, were documented. Comparable factors were evaluated using odds ratios (ORs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Sixteen studies were included. The overall incidence of spinal GCT recurrence was 29%. Campanacci grade III tumors showed better recurrence outcomes than grades I and II (OR, 16.36; 95% CI, 4.19–63.93; p<0.001). Gross total resection (OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.04–0.19; p<0.001), radiotherapy (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11–0.65; p=0.004), and the use of denosumab during subtotal resection (OR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.07–8.17; p=0.04) were important factors for reducing recurrence. Conclusion: Clinicians must consider the effects of gross total resection, radiotherapy use, and denosumab use in cases of subtotal resection during spinal GCT treatment. So far, many researchers have used denosumab in spinal GCT, but none have clearly suggested an endpoint. Most studies, however, recommend using it for more than 6 months.